Defined personal liberty under Article 21.

Upheld Parliament's power to amend the Constitution, including Fundamental Rights.

Clarified that territory of India can be ceded only by a constitutional amendment.

Ruled that Fundamental Rights cannot be amended by Parliament.

Introduced the Basic Structure Doctrine, limiting Parliament's power to amend the Constitution.

Struck down the 39th Amendment, reaffirming judicial review and free elections.

Expanded the scope of Article 21, ruling that the right to life includes due process.

Strengthened the Basic Structure Doctrine, holding that judicial review cannot be destroyed.

Clarified that laws placed in the Ninth Schedule after Kesavananda Bharati (1973) are subject to judicial review.

Laid down guidelines to prevent custodial torture and protect human rights.

Established guidelines against sexual harassment in the workplace.

Upheld OBC reservations under Article 16(4) but limited total reservations to 50%.

Held that caste cannot be the sole basis for reservation.

Upheld constitutional validity of SC/ST reservations in promotions but imposed conditions.

Ruled that laws in the Ninth Schedule are subject to the Basic Structure Doctrine.

Disqualified convicted MPs and MLAs from holding office.

Declared privacy as a fundamental right under Article 21.

Decriminalized Section 377, decriminalizing homosexuality.

Struck down Section 497 (Adultery Law) as unconstitutional.

Declared Triple Talaq (instant talaq) unconstitutional.

Allowed women of all ages to enter the Sabarimala temple.

Awarded the disputed land to the Ram Janmabhoomi Trust, upholding secular principles.

Struck down Maharashtra's Maratha quota, reaffirming the 50% reservation cap.

Defined powers of the Delhi government vs. Union government under Article 239AA.